Cancer vaccines work by stimulating the body’s immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells.
There are different types of cancer vaccines, including preventive vaccines that aim to stop cancer from developing in the first place, and therapeutic vaccines that are used to treat existing cancer. An example of a therapeutic vaccine would be chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies. CAR-T is a form of immunotherapy that involves genetically modifying a patient’s T cells to recognise and attack cancer cells. T cells are a type of immune cell that can detect and destroy abnormal cells in the body. T cells are collected from a patient’s blood, modified in a lab to produce a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that targets a specific protein on the surface of cancer cells, and then the cells are re-infused back into the patient’s bloodstream.
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Once in the body, the CAR-T cells seek out and attack cancer cells that express the targeted protein, leading to tumour cell death. During a cancer vaccine trial, participants are allocated into different groups, with some receiving the vaccine being tested and others receiving either a placebo or a comparator. If successful, cancer vaccines have the potential to alter cancer treatment by offering a less invasive and more targeted approach to fighting the disease.
The US cancer research community is highly collaborative
According to GlobalData’s Clinical Trials Database, the top countries for cancer vaccine studies are the US, with 47.2% of trials, followed by China with 11.5% of trials, Japan with 10.3% of trials, Germany with 5.4% of trials and the UK with 5.3% of trials. US domination in this area is due to several factors, the first being research capabilities. The research infrastructure in the US, including academic institutions, research centres, and pharmaceutical companies, provides the resources and expertise to invest into the immuno-oncology space. Also, the FDA has established a streamlined regulatory process for approving vaccine trials, which encourages research and development within the field. In addition, the US has a diverse population that allows investigators to conduct trials with a wide range of participants, which can help ensure the effectiveness and safety of cancer vaccines across different demographics.
Finally, the cancer research community in the US is highly collaborative, sharing information and resources among researchers and institutions. Together, these factors have helped the US to become the leading country for cancer vaccine trials.
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